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A. Neuroscience Basics (anatomy, histology, physiology, development) Visceral (Autonomic) Nervous System >> general scheme of nervous system: A1-A2 histologic methods in neuroscience: A11 (1) tracing nerve tracts: A11 (2) neuron: A3 incl. neurotrophins - NGF (nerve growth factor), BDNF (brain-derived growth factor), NT-3 (neurotrophin-3), NT-4/5 (neurotrophin-4/5). nerve fibers: A3 incl. nerve fiber types & properties, excitation & conduction (resting potential, action potential, electrotonic potentials or local response). synapsis: A4a incl. ephapse, semiphorins, neurophilins, postsynaptic electrical events (incl. EPSP, IPSP, action potential generation), inhibition & facilitation at synapsis, synaptic plasticity & learning (incl. long-term potentiation/depression), neuromodulation, receptors. neuromuscular junction (motor endplate): 1113-1115, 1119 (6) (musculoskeletal) neurochemistry, neurotransmitters, receptors: A4b incl. catecholamines (norepinephrine, dopamine), serotonin, histamine, acetylcholine, amino acids (glutamate, aspartate, GABA, glycine), neuropeptides (tachykinins [substance P, neurokinins], fosaprepitant (Emend), opioids* [endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalins]), cannabinoids, gases (NO, CO). * also see S21, 3905 (7) (intensive care) sleep
neurochemistry: D27
>> arousal neurochemistry: S30 autonomic neurochemistry (incl. acetylcholine, norepinephrine) → see visceral (autonomic) nervous system >> pathologic reactions of neurons, neuron doctrine of Santiago Ramón Y Cajal: A5 incl. wallerian degeneration, chromatolysis, denervation hypersensitivity, neuronal inclusions, trans-synaptic neuronal death, direct neuronal death, neuron regeneration. supporting cells: A6 (1-2) gemistocytic astrocyte
(gemistocyte): Onc10
>> myelin, myelination: A7 (1-5) demyelination: A7 (4) meninges: A40 (1-4) development → see general
development >> blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-CSF barrier: A8 CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), choroid plexus,
arachnoid villi: D40
>> ventricular system → see cerebrum >> ICP (intracranial pressure), Monroe-Kellie hypothesis: S50 bioenergetics, metabolism of CNS: A211, 844 (biochemistry) sensations sensory receptors: A17 incl. impulse initiation (receptor potentials), information coding, sensory unit, sensory modalities, sense organs, skin receptors. afferent tracts: A45 (2) touch: A17, A49 (2) proprioreception: A49 (2) vibration: A17 temperature: A17 itch, tickle: A17 taste → see visceral
(autonomic) nervous system >> smell → see rhinencephalon >> vision → see “Eye. Ophthalmology” >> hearing → see “Ear. Otology”
>> pain, sensory disorders → see “S. Signs, Symptoms, Syndromes” >> motor systems: A101 (5-6), A102 (1-2), A46 (4-6), A89, A57 (6) motor unit: A46 (5) abnormal motor unit: A46 (5a) extrapyramidal system: A101 (6) reflex: A18 incl. muscle stretch reflex, withdrawal reflex, muscular spindles, reciprocal inhibition, inverse stretch reflex, Golgi tendon organ, muscle tone, lengthening reaction, clonus. muscle coordination: A60 postural control: A61 incl. tonic labyrinthine reflexes, tonic neck reflexes, spinal transection (pontomedullary dysfunction, spinal shock), decerebration (diencephalic-midbrain dysfunction, decerebrate rigidity), decortication (decorticate rigidity), midbrain animal. lesions of upper and lower motoneurons: A50 (3-4) sleep-wake cycle: A57 (5) General Development CNS: A13 (1-5) neurons & glia: A13 (4) brain / cerebrum: A13 (1-4), A132 (2) - A133 (4) cortex: A144 (1) diencephalon: A111 (1-2) brain stem: A55 (1-2) cerebellum: A86 (2) spinal cord: A13 (5), A13 (5a) spinal nerves: A13 (6-8) neural crest: A13 (5-6) somites: A13 (8-9) meninges: A13 (6) nervous system changes with aging: 4809 incl. leukoaraiosis (s. white matter hyperintensities) topography: A130 (1) - A132 (2) ventricular system: A130 (2) Blood Supply arteries: A205 development (embryogenesis) of blood supply: A201 syndromes of arterial territories: Vas3 >> veins, dural venous sinuses: A207 cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), pressure autoregulation: A211 general: A135 (2-7), CN1
>> olfactory physiology: A135 (8a-b) Limbic System general: A135 (8-10), A138 (5-6), A139 limbic cortex histology: A145 (2) substantia innominata: A135 (9) amygdala: A137 (1-2) hippocampus: A138 (1-4) Papez circuit: A138 (4) emotions: A138 (4-6), A139 Klüver-Bucy syndrome: A138 (5) sexual behavior, pheromones, maternal behavior: A139 fear, rage, placidity: A139 self-stimulation & addiction: A139 White Matter general: A143 (1) projection fibers: A143 (1) association fibers: A143 (2-3) cingulotomy: A143 (3) hemispheric asymmetry: A157 (1-3) commissures: A143 (3-5) commissurotomy (split-brain): A157 (1-3) Cortex general: A144 (2) types: A144 (1-2) development → see general development >> layers: A144 (3-4, 6) neurons: A144 (5-6) connections: A144 (7) cytoarchitecture: A145 (1-2) functional areas: A148-A149 motor cortex: A150 (1-4) supplementary motor cortex: A101 (6) sensory cortex: A155 (1-3) association cortex: A156 (1-5) agnosia: A156 (1-2) Balint syndrome: Eye62
>> apraxia / dyspraxia: S8 Gerstmann’s syndrome, left hemineglect: A156 (5) language, speech → see “S. Signs, Symptoms, Syndromes” >> memory & learning → see “S. Signs, Symptoms, Syndromes” >> lesions of specific cerebral lobes
(frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital): Onc1 >> frontal lobe syndrome: A156 (5), Onc1 >> topography, nomenclature: A100 - A101 (2) connections: A101 (2-5) physiology: A103 striatum, pallidum, red nucleus, substantia nigra: A101 (3-5) blood supply: A205 lesions
(incl. athetosis, dystonia, tardive dyskinesia, ballismus, chorea, tremor): Mov1
>> general: A110 (1-3) development → see general development >> thalamus: topography: A111 (2-4) nuclei: A111 (4-9) connections: A111 (10) - A112 (2) internal capsule: A112 (1-2), A205 blood supply: A205 lesions: A114 hypothalamus: A111 (2) hypophysis: 2709-2714 (endocrine system) as neuroendocrine organ: 2715-2716 (endocrine system) topography: A115 nuclei: A115a, A116 (1-4) connections: A116 (4-6) arching systems of cerebrum (stria terminalis, stria medullaris, fornix, striae lancisi): A118 (1-2) blood supply: A205 circumventricular organs: A118 (2-3) functions and disorders: A119 (1-2),
A120 (1-4), Veg3
>> thermoregulation → see vegetative (autonomic) nervous system >> motivated behavior: A120 (2-3) epithalamus: A111 (1) pineal gland (epiphysis
cerebri): 2717-2718 (endocrine system) habenula: A111 (1), A119 (3) stria medullaris: A111 (1) subthalamus: A111 (1) composition, external anatomy: A55 (1-4) blood supply: A205 development → see general development >> medulla oblongata: A55 (4-5) pons: A55 (6-7) midbrain: A55 (7-8) lemniscus medialis: A55 (6) tr. corticobulbaris: A55 (8) reticular formation, ARAS: A57 (1-6) locus ceruleus (s. locus cinereus): A91 (1) brainstem lesions: A59 incl. medial syndromes of medulla & pons (incl. Foville syndrome, Millard-Gubler syndrome); lateral syndromes of medulla &
pons (incl. lateral medullary [Wallenberg] syndrome, lateral superior
/ inferior pontine syndromes); also see Eye64
>> bulbar palsy, pseudobulbar palsy, locked-in syndrome (pseudocoma) → → see “Mov. Movement Disorders” >> midbrain syndromes (incl.
dorsal midbrain [s. collicular, Parinaud] syndrome, ventral midbrain [s.
Weber] syndrome, central [s. tegmental] midbrain syndrome); also see Eye64
>> Claude syndrome, Benedikt
syndrome, Nothnagel syndrome: Eye64
>> decerebration: A61 topography: A85 (1-2) development → see general development >> blood supply: A205, A207 cortex: A91 (1-4) nuclei: A86 (1) peduncles: A93 main scheme: A86 (1), A89, A89a vestibulocerebellum: A86 (2) spinocerebellum: A87 (1-2) cerebrocerebellum: A88 lesions (incl. caudal vermis syndrome, rostral vermis syndrome, cerebellar hemisphere syndrome): A94 (1-3), Mov5
>> general: A65 (1-3) CN1 (nn. olfactorii): A135 (1-2); also see rhinencephalon >> CN2 (n. opticus) → see “Eye. Ophthalmology” >> CN3 (n. oculomotorius) → see “Eye. Ophthalmology” >> CN4 (n. trochlearis) → see “Eye. Ophthalmology” >> CN5 (n. trigeminus): A70 (1-6) CN6 (n. abducens) → see “Eye. Ophthalmology” >> CN7 (n. facialis): A72
(1-4), A73, Onc62
>> CN8 (n. vestibulocochlearis) → see “Ear. Otology” >> CN9 (n. glossopharyngeus): A74 (1-3) CN10 (n. vagus): A75 (1-4) CN11 (n. accessorius): A76 (1-2) CN12 (n. hypoglossus): A77 (1-2) lesions of cranial nerves → see “CN. Cranial
Neuropathies” >> n. spinalis → see peripheral nervous system >> topography: A45 (1-2), A46 (1) blood supply: A203 development of blood supply: A201 grey matter: A46 (2-4) white matter: A47 (1-2), A48 (1) ascending pathways: dorsal funiculus: A48 (2) tr. spinothalamicus: A49 (1-2) tr. spinocerebellaris: A50 (1) descending pathways: tr. pyramidalis (s. corticospinalis): A50 (2-3) clinico-anatomic syndromes of spinal cord:
A50 (4-6); also see Spin1
>> incl. motoneuron disease, sensory neuron disease, combined funicular lesions, syringomyelia, spinal cord transections. anesthesia (spinal, epidural, caudal): A40 (2-4) cranial nerves →
see cranial
nerves >> development → see general development
(spinal nerves) >> lesions
→ see “PN. Peripheral
Neuropathies” >> anatomy, histology, physiology (incl. nerve fiber, fascicle, endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium, axoplasmic transport): A14 (1-2) – A15 dermatomes: A20 (1) face: 1083 (musculoskeletal system) scalp: 1067 (musculoskeletal system) ear: Ear02 theory of nerve components: A13 (8), A65 (3) n. spinalis: A45 (1-2), A24 (2) thoracic cage (nn. intercostales): A24 (1-2) abdominal wall, inguinal region: A24 (2) cervical plexus, ansa cervicalis: A26 (1-2) n. phrenicus: A26 (2) brachial plexus: A20 (1-14) n. musculocutaneous: A20 (7) n. axillaris: A20 (8-9) n. radialis: A20 (8-9) n. ulnaris: A20 (10-11) n. medianus: A20 (12-13) hand innervation: A20 (14) lumbosacral plexus: A22 (1-10) n. ischiadicus: A22 (5) n. tibialis: A22 (6-7) n. peroneus: A22 (8-9) visceral (autonomic) nervous system general: A30 (2), A31 (1-2), A33 afferentation: A30 (1) referred pain: A32 (2) efferentation: A32 (2) visceral function control: A57 (5-6) breathing: 2115 (2-10) (respiratory system) micturition: 2430-2432 (genitourinary system) neurogenic bladder: 2590a
>> urinary incontinence: 2590
>> defecation: 1821 (4) (digestive system) vomiting: 1846 (1-5),
1814 (7) (digestive system) central mechanisms, oncological
aspects: 1715 (1-3) (oncology) taste: A79, 1826 (2-4) (digestive system) incl. taste disorders (ageusia, hypogeusia, dysgeusia). hunger, food intake: A124 thirst, drinking: A124 body temperature, thermoregulation: A121 incl. fever, fever of unknown origin, poikilothermy, hereditary periodic fever syndromes (familial Mediterranean fever, hyper-IgD syndrome, TNF receptor–associated periodic syndrome, s. familial Hibernian fever). heat disorders (hypothermia, hyperthermia, etc): 3909 (intensive care) autonomic neurochemistry: A34 incl. acetylcholine, norepinephrine, cholinoreceptors, adrenoreceptors. autonomic pharmacology: A35 incl. organophosphates, carbamates direct acting cholinergic agonists (acetylcholine, bethanechol, carbachol, pilocarpine, methacholine, cevimeline) anticholinesterases (physostigmine, neostigmine, pyridostigmine, edrophonium, tacrine, donepezil, galanthamine, rivastigmine, echothiophate, isoflurophate [DFP], demecarium) acetylcholinesterase reactivation (pralidoxime) anticholinergics (atropine, scopolamine [hyoscine],
ipratropium, tiotropium, pirenzepine) ganglionic blockers (trimethaphan, mecamylamine, nicotine, hexamethonium) direct-acting adrenergic agonists (epinephrine [adrenaline], norepinephrine [levarterenol], isoproterenol, dopamine, dobutamine, phenylephrine, methoxamine, midodrine, metaproterenol, albuterol, terbutaline, pirbuterol, bitolterol, ritodrine, salbutamol, salmeterol, clonidine, α-methyldopa, guanabenz, guanfacine) indirect-acting adrenergic agonists (amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine METH, Ice), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy), tyramine, cocaine, methylphenidate, dexmethylphenidate) mixed action adrenergic agonists (ephedrine, metaraminol, hydroxyamphetamine, methamphetamine, mephentermine) β-adrenergic blockers (propranolol, timolol, nadolol, pindolol, penbutolol, carteolol, oxprenolol, sotalol, atenolol, metoprolol, acebutolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, esmolol, nebivolol) α-adrenergic blockers (prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine) α and β adrenergic blockers (labetalol, carvedilol) other antiadrenergics (reserpine, guanethidine, guanadrel, fenoldopam mesylate, bretylium) ergot alkaloids (ergotamine,
dihydroergotamine, methysergide, ergonovine, methylergonovine) sympathic NS: A32 (1) sympathetic chain: A31 (2) Horner syndrome: A32 (2), Eye64
>> sudomotor, pupillomotor control: A57 (6) vasomotor: A57 (6), also see 1322-1325 (cardiovascular system) parasympathic NS: A32 (2), A65 (4) also see cranial nerves: III, VII, IX, X >> enteric NS: see 1801 (7) (digestive system) CN. Cranial Neuropathies food supplements for reversing neuropathies: PN1
>> multiple cranial nerve lesions:
CN0
>> incl. Foix, Tolosa-Hunt, Jacod, Gradenigo, Vernet, Marcus Gunn, Collet-Sicard, Villaret, Tapia, Jackson, Schmidt, Wallenberg, Weber, Claude, Benedikt, Nothnagel syndromes. CN1 (nn. olfactorii):
CN1
>> incl. smell disorders (hyposmia, anosmia, parosmia, dysosmia, cacosmia, hyperosmia). CN2 (n. opticus) → see “Eye. Ophthalmology” >> CN3 (n. oculomotorius) → see “Eye. Ophthalmology” >> CN4 (n. trochlearis) → see “Eye. Ophthalmology” >> CN5 (n. trigeminus): CN5
>> incl. trigeminal neuralgia [tic douloureux], Gradenigo syndrome, Raeder paratrigeminal syndrome, onion-skin pattern face anesthesia); schwannoma:
Onc62
>> CN5 surgery: microvascular decompression (s. Jannetta procedure), percutaneous trigeminal (retrogasserian) rhizotomy. CN6 (n. abducens) → see “Eye. Ophthalmology” >> CN7 (n. facialis): CN7
>> incl. facial palsy - Bell's palsy, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, Möbius syndrome, Heerfordt syndrome [uveoparotid fever], cerebellopontine angle syndrome, facial canal syndrome, stylomastoid foramen syndrome, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome [geniculate zoster, herpes zoster oticus], facial overactivation syndromes (hemifacial spasm, myokymia), facial nerve trauma*, re-innervation syndromes - postparalytic synkinesis, crocodile tears, gustatory sweating (Frey syndrome). *facial nerve birth trauma: Ped9 >> schwannoma:
Onc62
>> CN8 (n. vestibulocochlearis) → see “Ear. Otology” >> CN9 (n. glossopharyngeus): A74 (2) glossopharyngeal neuralgia (s.
tic douloureux of CN9): CN9-10
>> CN10 (n. vagus): A75 (2) lesions of laryngeal nerves: 2168
(2), 2170 (respiratory system) CN11 (n. accessorius):
CN11-12
>> CN12 (n. hypoglossus):
CN11-12
>> schwannoma: Onc62
>> D. Diagnostics Laboratory – Instrumental examination >> neurologic
examination: D1
>> incl. nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign (bent-knee leg raising), Brudzinski signs, environmental dependence (imitation behavior, utilization behavior), stereognosis, graphesthesia s. number identification, topesthesia s. point localization, baresthesia, two-point discrimination, extinction, Lhermitte sign, Spurling test, Axial loading test, dermatomes, myotomes, cutaneous nerve distributions, detection of sensory / motor malingering, fasciculations, dyskinesias, synkinesia, Lord Beevor sign, Barré sign, pronator drift, Jolly test, Jendrassik maneuver, Babinski response, reflexes (abdominal, plantar, cremaster, anal wink, bulbocavernosus, Starling, Trömner, Bechterew-Mendel, Hoffmann, Rossolimo, Puusepp, Oppenheim, Chaddock, Schäffer, Gordon, Bing, Strunsky, Throckmorton, Williams, Brissaud, Marie-Foix-Bechterew, corneal blink, sneeze, jaw-jerk, gag, oculocardiac Aschner, carotid sinus), frontal release signs, s. primitive reflexes (sucking, snout, visual suck, rooting, palmomental, grasp, glabellar), coordination tests (finger-nose, finger-chase test, point-to-point, past-pointing, heel-to-shin, heel-to-toe), dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria (Stewart-Holmes sign s. rebound phenomenon, signe de la prehension), Romberg test, Bell phenomenon, Chvostek sign, Schirmer test, orthostatic vital signs, orthostatic hypotension, Tinel's sign, sciatica, maneuvers (Néri, Sicard, Lasègue s. straight-leg raising, crossed Lasègue Bechterew, Freiberg, Pace, Beatty, Mirkin, reverse straight-leg raising Wassermann), Froment prehensile thumb sign (signe du journal), "claw hand" (main en griffe), "hand of benediction". mental status examination, neuropsychological testing: D1
>> D3
>> D12
>> pediatric neurologic examination: D5
>> otologic examination: D1ear
>> ophthalmologic examination: D1eye
>> Laboratory – Instrumental examination Principles of instrumental neurodiagnosis: D19
>> Electrodiagnosis: electroencephalography (EEG):
D27
>> evoked potentials (somatosensory, trigeminal, motor, cognitive), magnetic stimulation: D25
>> brain stem auditory evoked
response (baer): Ear30
>> visual evoked potentials (vep): Eye60
>> olfactory evoked potentials: CN1
>> magnetoencephalography (MEG): D29
>> nerve
conduction studies (sensory,
motor, F response, H reflex, blink reflex, repetitive nerve stimulation): D22
>> electromyography (EMG): D20
>> nascent
polyphasic potentials: PN7
>> Tissue examination: brain biopsy: D34
>> nerve biopsy: D32
>> muscle biopsy, serum &
urinary markers of muscle disease: D30
>> CSF (cerebrospinal fluid): D40
>> incl. xanthochromia, bloody CSF, pleocytosis, Froin syndrome (s. loculation syndrome), hypoglycorrhachia, CSF in various disorders. lumbar puncture: Op3 >> Neuroimaging: D45 incl. intravenous contrast enhancement principles, pediatric neuroimaging, fetal neuroimaging, neonatal neuroimaging. plain radiography (skull, facial): D47 incl. Schüller, Stenvers view spinal X-ray: D70 pneumoencephalography: D55 CT: D49 spinal CT: D70 CT cisternography: S64, D49 MRI: D51 incl. hemorrhage (clot) MRI signal in dynamics, echo planar imaging (EPI), fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging, fast spin echo (FSE) MRI. diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion-weighted
MRI, ADC maps: Vas3
>> MRS (MR spectroscopy): D53, Vas3 >> PET: D53 ultrasound: ultrasound of infant brain: D57 incl. A mode (amplification), static B mode (brightness), TM mode (time-motion), real-time ultrasound. ultrasound of infant spine: D70 Doppler: D62, Vas7
>> Vascular examination: D60 intra-arterial catheter angiography: D61 incl. conventional angiography, digital subtraction angiography, biplane angiography, 3D rotational angiography, spinal angiography, ICG (indocyanine green) angiography Doppler: D62, Vas7
>> incl. continuous wave Doppler, duplex Doppler, Gosling index, Lindegaard index. computed tomography angiography (CTA), computed tomography venography (CTV): D64 magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), magnetic resonance venography (MRV): D64 regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) examination: D66 incl. 133Xe rCBF, stable Xe-CT, perfusion CT, single-photon
emission computerized tomography (SPECT), functional MRI (fMRI), blood oxygen
level–dependent (BOLD) contrast technique. diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI), perfusion-weighted MRI (PW-MRI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps: Vas3 >> oculopneumoplethysmography (OPG): Vas7
>> carotid occlusion studies: D68 Spinal imaging: D70 incl. X-ray, CT, MRI, myelography, discography, neonatal ultrasound, conjoined root sleeves. spinal angiography: D61 Dem. Demyelinating disorders PNS
demyelination: Dem1
>> incl. Guillain-Barré syndrome (gbs), acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (aidp), Miller-Fisher syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (cidp), multifocal motor neuropathy (s. mnmcb, motor neuropathy with multiple conduction blocks), congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy. CNS
demyelination: Dem3
>> incidental white-matter
hyperintensities: Dem3
>> Multiple Sclerosis: Dem5
>> incl. Marburg variant (acute MS), Kurtzke expanded disability status scale (edss), interferon-β 1b (Betaseron), interferon-β 1a (Avonex, Rebif), glatiramer acetate (s. copolymer 1, Copaxone), natalizumab (Tysabri), cladribine (Leustatin), dalfampridine (Ampyra). MS-related disorders: Dem7
>> incl. neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease), concentric sclerosis (Baló disease, encephalitis periaxialis concentrica), Schilder disease (s. encephalitis periaxialis diffusa, diffuse sclerosis), experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Cns complications of viral infections and vaccines: Dem9
>> incl. acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem), acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis (anhem, s. acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis of Weston Hurst). Leukodystrophies: Dem11 >> incl. adrenoleukodystrophy,
adrenomyeloneuropathy, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (Ulrich's
disease), metachromatic
leukodystrophies (s. sulfatide lipidoses), globoid cell leukodystrophy (s.
Krabbe disease), Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (connatal Seitelberger disease,
adult Löwenberg-Hull disease), Canavan disease (s. spongy degeneration of
nervous system), Cockayne syndrome, Alexander disease. Metabolic Demyelinations: Dem13 >> incl. demyelination of corpus callosum
(Marchiafava-Bignami disease), central pontine myelinolysis. Dev. Developmental disorders Congenital CNS
Anomalies (GENERAL): Dev1
>> incl. iniencephaly. Brain Anomalies:
Dev7
>> segmentation, cleavage, midline defects:
Dev7
>> incl. holoprosencephaly, septo-optic dysplasia, agenesis of corpus callosum, arrhinencephaly, cyclopia, ethmocephaly, cebocephaly, Neu-Laxova syndrome, Shapiro syndrome, Kallmann's syndrome. neuronal migration and cortical formation
disorders: Dev7
>> incl. lissencephaly (s. agyria), pachygyria (s. macrogyria), Miller-Dieker syndrome, polymicrogyria, neuronal heterotopia, focal cortical dysplasias, ulegyria, schizencephaly, porencephaly, hydranencephaly, megalencephaly, Sotos’ syndrome (s. cerebral gigantism), FG syndrome, hemimegalencephaly, microencephaly. posterior fossa anomalies: Dev7
>> incl. Chiari malformations (Arnold-Chiari malformation), Dandy–Walker malformation, mega cisterna magna, vermian–cerebellar hypoplasia. intracranial arachnoid cysts: Dev7
>> Cranial
Anomalies: Dev9
>> incl. craniosynostosis (scaphocephaly, dolichocephaly, brachycephaly, trigonocephaly, plagiocephaly, oxycephaly, triphyllocephaly, kleeblattschädel, Crouzon's syndrome (s. craniofacial dysostosis), Apert's syndrome (s. acrocephalosyndactyly), turricephaly, turmschädel, Pfeiffer syndrome, Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, Carpenter syndrome, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, Autley-Bixler syndrome, Baller-Gerold syndrome, 9p monosomy, positional molding), macrocephaly (trisomy 9p syndrome, Robinow syndrome, Greig cephalopolysyndactyly, BESS syndrome (benign enlargement of subarachnoidal space), microcephaly (microcephalia vera, Cornelia de Lange syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome). cranial remodeling: Dev15
>> incl. fronto-orbital advancement. Craniocervical
Junction Anomalies: Dev9
>> incl. basilar impression, basilar invagination, platybasia, convexobasia, atlantoaxial instability, os odontoideum, occipitalization of atlas (s. assimilation of atlas), dens hypoplasia, Klippel-Feil anomaly (MURCS syndrome, Escobar syndrome), atlanto-axial rotatory fixation, iniencephaly. Neural Tube Disorders (s. dysraphism,
neurulation defects): Dev3
>> cranioschisis: Dev3
>> incl. anencephaly, exencephaly, encephalocele, cranial meningocele, encephalocystocele, Meckel-Gruber syndrome, nasal glioma. spina bifida: Dev3
>> incl. spina bifida occulta, spina bifida manifesta / aperta / cystica, myelomeningocele, lückenschädel. Spinal Cord
Anomalies: Dev5
>> incl. diastematomyelia, diplomyelia, neuro-enteric cyst, dorsal dermal sinus, lipomyelomeningodysplasias (lipomyelomeningocele, lipomyelocele, lipomyeloschisis), subpial lipoma, intramedullary lipoma, abnormal retrogressive differentiation, tethered filum / tight filum / fatty filum, caudal regression syndromes, sacral agenesis, conus hypoplasia, spinal meningeal cysts (incl. Tarlov, s. perineural cysts), arachnoid cysts. Spinal Anomalies:
Dev9
>> incl. vertebral fusion anomalies (synspondylism), transitional vertebrae, hemivertebrae, butterfly vertebrae, failure of fusion of secondary ossification centers, limbus vertebra, pedicle anomalies. E. Epilepsy & Seizures Epilepsy Definitions, Classifications, Clinical Features,
Diagnosis : E1 >> Epilepsy Treatment
Principles: E5
>> Antiepileptic
Drugs: E3
>> incl. carbamazepine, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, zonisamide, lacosamide, rufinamide, ethosuximide, clonazepam, clobazam, diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, phenobarbital, primidone, tiagabine, vigabatrin, valproate, gabapentin, felbamate, topiramate, levetiracetam, pregabalin, ketogenic diet. Status
Epilepticus: E7
>> Epileptic Syndromes:
E9
>> incl. benign childhood partial epilepsies, temporal lobe epilepsy, extratemporal neocortical epilepsy, epilepsia partialis continua (Rasmussen syndrome, s. Kozhevnikov, Kojevnikoff, Kojewnikoff epilepsy), absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, myoclonic epilepsies of infancy and childhood, early myoclonic encephalopathy, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (Ohtahara syndrome), benign (s. typical) myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, severe (s. complex) myoclonic epilepsy in infancy, epilepsy with myoclonic absences, benign neonatal convulsions, febrile seizures, West syndrome (infantile spasms), Aicardi syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, progressive myoclonic epilepsies, Lafora disease, Unverricht-Lundborg disease (Baltic myoclonus), acquired epileptic aphasia (Landau-Kleffner syndrome), neonatal seizures, breath-holding spells, psychogenic seizures (pseudoseizures), catamenial epilepsy, post-traumatic seizures, post-traumatic epilepsy* *also see TrH1
>> Epilepsy Surgical
Treatment: E11
>> incl. intracarotid amobarbital (Wada) test, intracranial EEG (also see E13 >>), Spencer anteromedial temporal lobectomy (also see E15 >>), standard en bloc anterior temporal lobectomy (also see E15 >>), amygdalo-hippocampectomy (also see E15 >>), lesionectomy (focal cortical resection), tailored neocortical resection, multiple subpial transections (also see E17 >>), functional hemispherectomy (also see E19 >>), corpus callosotomy (also see E21 >>), multilobar resection, vagus nerve stimulation. Ear. Otology Basics (Anatomy, Histology, Physiology) >> Basics (Anatomy, Histology, Physiology) development: Ear26-Ear27 malformations (incl. preauricular appendages and pits): Ear27 temporal bone anomalies: Ear42 >>
External ear: Ear01-Ear02 innervation: Ear02 Middle ear: tympanic membrane (myrinx): Ear03-Ear04 tympanic cavity, auditory (eustachian) tube: Ear04-Ear06 auditory ossicles: Ear06-Ear07 Inner ear: blood supply: Ear15 bony labyrinth: Ear08-Ear09 membranous labyrinth: Ear09-Ear10 sensory organs: vestibular (macula, crista ampullaris): Ear10-Ear11 cochlear (organum spirale Corti): Ear12-Ear14 Cranial
nerve 8 (n. vestibulocochlearis): Ear16, Onc62
>> Vestibular system: Ear17-Ear20 vestibular physiology: Ear19, Ear21 >> labyrinthectomy: Ear21 >> Cochlear system: Ear22-Ear24 auditory cortex: A155 (2) auditory physiology: Ear25 >> middle ear: Ear07, Ear25 >> inner ear: Ear14, Ear25 >> hair cell function: Ear12a >> “Bedside” ear
examination: D1ear
>> incl. otoscopy, pneumatic otoscopy, tuning fork tests (air-bone conduction test of Rinne, lateralizing test of Weber, Schwabach test, Bing test), acoustic blink (cochleopalpebral, audiopalpebral) reflex, Halmagyi test, Fukuda test (s. stepping test of Unterberger), Dix-Hallpike maneuver, Nylen-Bárány maneuver, computerized platform posturography. Instrumental
auditory Examination: Ear30
>> incl.
pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, tympanometry (acoustic impedance),
acoustic reflex testing, otoacoustic emissions, BAER s. BAEP (brain stem
auditory evoked potentials), electrocochleography (ECoG), imaging (incl.
Schüller view, Stenvers view), diagnostic tympanotomy, vestibular evoked
myogenic potentials (VEMP). Hearing loss (deafness): Ear32 >> incl. pediatric hearing deficits, hearing aids (s. amplification), cochlear implants, auditory brainstem implants, psychogenic hearing loss. sudden hearing loss: inner
ear disorders >> Tinnitus: Ear34
>> Vertigo (dizziness):
Ear34
>> incl. vestibular suppressants Earache (otalgia): Ear34
>> Inner Ear disorders Inner Ear
disorders: Ear36 >> incl. motion sickness, Ménière disease, Lermoyez syndrome, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular neuronitis, viral labyrinthitis, purulent labyrinthitis, serous labyrinthitis, labyrinthitis ossificans, sudden hearing loss, noise-induced hearing loss, acoustic trauma, presbycusis, drug-induced ototoxicity (toxic labyrinthitis), perilymphatic (labyrinthine) fistula. herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome): 256 (8) (infection) temporal bone fractures: TrH5 >> acoustic neuroma (vestibular
schwannoma): Onc62
>> trauma: TrH1
>> temporal bone anomalies (incl.
Mondini defect): Ear42 >>
Middle Ear disorders Middle Ear
disorders: Ear38 >> incl. tympanic membrane perforation, tympanoplasty, infectious (s. bullous) myringitis, acute otitis media, myringotomy, secretory (s. serous) otitis media, insertion of tympanostomy tube, adenoidectomy, acute mastoiditis, mastoidectomy, postauricular subperiosteal (Bezold) abscess, automastoidectomy, chronic suppurative otitis media, otosclerosis, cholesteatoma, neoplasms. barotitis media: 2120 (1) (respiratory system) trauma (hemotympanum, ossicle
chain disruption): TrH1
>> TrH5 >> temporal bone anomalies: Ear42 >>
External Ear disorders External Ear
disorders: Ear40 >> incl. obstructions (incl. cerumen [earwax] impaction, foreign body), external otitis, malignant external otitis, perichondritis, trauma (incl. subperichondrial hematoma, lacerations, fractures), tumors (incl. sebaceous cysts, osteomas, exostoses, keloids, ceruminomas). temporal bone anomalies (incl.
atresia of external auditory canal): Ear42 >>
Eye. Ophthalmology Basics (Anatomy, Histology, Physiology) >> Optic Nerve & Visual Pathways disorders >> Gaze and Autonomic Innervation disorders >> “bedside”
eye examination: D1eye
>> ophthalmoscopy (funduscopy): Eye60
>> incl. retinal hemorrhages, soft exudates, hard exudates, drusen, senile macular degeneration, papilledema, glaucomatous cupping, hypertensive retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy. tonometry
(Schi¸tz, Goldmann): Eye60
>> gonioscopy:
Eye70 >> slit
lamp examination (biomicroscopy): Eye60
>> ultrasonography:
Eye60
>> electroretinogram:
Eye60
>> visual
evoked potentials (VEP): Eye60
>> fluorescein
angiography: Eye63 >> heterotropia
(diplopia), heterophoria testing, Maddox rod: Eye64
>> vestibulo-ocular
testing: Eye64
>> electronystagmography
(ENG): Eye60
>> intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA):
Eye60
>> mydriatics
(phenylephrine, tropicamide, cyclopentolate): Eye61
>> cycloplegics (cyclopentolate, atropine, homatropine): Eye61
>> miotics (pilocarpine): Eye61
>> anesthetics: Eye61
>> steroids: Eye61
>> mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn, olopatadine,
lodoxamide): Eye61
>> antihistamines (azelastine, emedastine, ketotifen,
levocabastine): Eye61
>> red eye: Eye88 >> blindness, amblyopia: Eye65
>> psychogenic vision loss: Eye62
>> anisocoria, light-near dissociation, unreactive pupils: Eye64
>> diplopia: Eye64
>> opsoclonus,
ocular flutter, ocular bobbing, ocular dipping: Eye64
>> oscillopsia, nystagmus: Eye64
>> visual
hallucinations, floaters, halos, photophobia, pain, scotomas, aniridia,
Kayser-Fleischer ring: Eye59
>> Basics (Anatomy, Histology, Physiology) development: Eye22-Eye23 developmental anomalies (incl. coloboma, cyclopia [synophthalmia], microphthalmia): Eye23 blood supply: Eye21 blood-ocular barrier: Eye23 retinal vessels: Eye36 Orbita: Eye01-Eye03 fractures: Eye01 Eyelids (palpebrae): Eye04-Eye06 glands (tarsal meibomian, Zeis, ciliary Moll): Eye06 Conjunctiva: Eye07 Lacrimal apparatus: Eye07-Eye08 Eyeball: Eye24 Tenon capsule: Eye12 cornea: Eye24-Eye25 sclera: Eye26 anterior chamber, aqueous humor, chamber angle: Eye27 iris: Eye28 ciliary body: Eye29 choroid: Eye30 vitreous body: Eye30 crystalline lens: Eye31 retina: Eye32-Eye36a macula lutea, fovea centralis: Eye36 retinal
physiology: Eye36a
>> incl. visual pigments [scotopsin, rhodopsin, iodopsin, photopsin, retinol, retinene], transducin, receptive field, Young-Helmholtz theory, adaptation. Eye optics:
Eye55 >> incl. refractive power, accommodation, near point, far point, visual acuity, critical fusion frequency, visual fields & binocular vision. accommodation reflex → see autonomic innervation >> Sensory innervation (n. ophthalmicus, CN51): Eye19 conjunctival: Eye07 lacrimal gland: Eye08 Visual pathways, CN2 (n. opticus), Visual cortex, Visual perception: Eye37-Eye38, Eye41, Eye57
>> Optomotor system: Eye13, Eye44-Eye53 incl. saccade, smooth pursuit, vestibulo-oculomotor reflexes, optokinetic reflexes, vergence. extraocular muscles: Eye08-Eye12 Hering law: Eye13 CN 3 (n. oculomotorius): Eye14-Eye16 incl. Edinger-Westphal nucleus, Perlia nucleus, ganglion ciliare. CN4 (n. trochlearis): Eye17 CN6 (n. abducens): Eye18 supranuclear pathways (incl. gaze centers, eye fields in cortex): Eye47-Eye53 superior colliculus: Eye50 sympathetic innervation: Eye19 control of pupillary size: Eye42-Eye43 accommodation reflex: Eye43 Optic Nerve & Visual Pathways disorders lesion topography: Eye41, Eye62
>> optic nerve: Eye62
>> incl. Marcus Gunn pupil, Pulfrich phenomenon, Uhthoff phenomenon, papilledema (choked disk), pseudopapilledema, papillitis (optic neuritis), retrobulbar optic neuritis, optic nerve infarction (ischemic optic neuropathy), compressive optic neuropathy, toxic / nutritional optic neuropathy (s. alcohol-tobacco amblyopia), optic atrophy (optic nerve atrophy), Leber hereditary optic atrophy, Foster Kennedy syndrome, optic nerve hypoplasia. radiation optic neuropathy: Rx11 >> optic chiasm: Eye62
>> optic tract / lateral geniculate body: Eye62
>> incl. Wernicke sign. optic radiations:
Eye62
>> occipital lobe: Eye62
>> incl. Cogan rule, Riddoch phenomenon. higher cortical lesions:
Eye62
>> incl. Balint syndrome. psychogenic (functional) visual loss: Eye62
>> incl. “monocular blindness”, “poor vision”, monocular diplopia, monocular hemianopia, “tunnel” vision. optic pathway glioma: Onc10 >> Retinal disorders Vascular occlusions:
Eye63
>> incl. central retinal artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion (incl. Roth spots), central retinal vein occlusion. Retinal detachment,
proliferative vitreoretinopathy: Eye63 >> Age-related
macular degeneration (senile macular degeneration): Eye63 >> incl. pegaptanib, ranibizumab. Retinopathy of prematurity
(retrolental fibroplasia): Eye63 >> Retinitis
pigmentosa: Eye63 >> Neuroretinitis
(papilloretinitis): Eye63 >> Retinoblastoma:
Eye63
>> Color blindness:
Eye63
>> CMV retinitis: 268 (infection) Retinal angioma: Onc24 >> Gaze and Autonomic Innervation disorders pupillary
syndromes: Eye64
>> incl. anisocoria (ocular parasympathetic syndrome, Holmes-Adie syndrome, Horner syndrome, Raeder paratrigeminal syndrome), light-near dissociation (Argyll Robertson pupil), bilateral unreactive pupils. ocular misalignment syndromes: Eye64
>> incl. heterophoria, heterotropia s. strabismus (esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia), diplopia, skew deviation, Magendie-Hertwig sign, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, n. oculomotorius (cn3) disorders (Marcus Gunn syndrome, Marin Amat syndrome, Claude syndrome, Benedikt syndrome, Nothnagel syndrome), n. trochlearis (cn4) disorders, n. abducens (cn6) disorders (incl. Duane’s syndrome, Wildervanck cervico-oculo-acoustic syndrome), MLF syndromes (internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 1˝ syndrome). conjugate gaze disorders: Eye64
>> incl. opsoclonus, ocular flutter, Parinaud syndrome (s. midbrain pretectal syndrome, dorsal midbrain syndrome), ocular bobbing, ocular dipping, oculogyric crisis. vestibulo-ocular system: Eye64
>> incl. oscillopsia, congenital nystagmus, vestibular nystagmus, Alexander law, gaze-evoked nystagmus, downbeat nystagmus, upbeat nystagmus, torsional (rotary) nystagmus, horizontal nystagmus, seesaw nystagmus, spasmus nutans, periodic alternating nystagmus, Bruns nystagmus. Other disorders Eyelid Disorders: Eye66 >> incl. lid edema, blepharitis, hordeolum (external hordeolum, sty, internal hordeolum, meibomian sty, acute chalazion), chalazion (meibomian cyst), entropion & ectropion, tumors (incl. xanthelasma), lid retraction, lagophthalmos, (blepharo)ptosis. Cataract (incl. intraocular
lens): Eye68 >> Glaucoma: Eye70 >> carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide, dorzolamide, brinzolamide); adrenergic agonists (epinephrine, dipivefrin, apraclonidine, brimonidine); β-blockers (timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol, carteolol, metipranolol); prostaglandin analogs (latanoprost, bimatoprost, travoprost, unoprostone). Refractive Errors: Eye72
>> incl. hyperopia, presbyopia, myopia, astigmatism, anisometropia. Contact lenses: Eye72
>> incl. Acanthamoeba keratitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis. Refractive surgery: Eye72
>> incl. radial keratotomy, astigmatic keratotomy, photorefractive keratectomy, laser in situ keratomileusis (lasik), intracorneal rings, clear lens extraction (s. refractive lens exchange), phakic intraocular lens implants, conductive keratoplasty. Uveitis: Eye74 >> incl. iritis, iridocyclitis, cyclitis, choroiditis, pars planitis, panuveitis (endophthalmitis), Behçet syndrome, birdshot chorioretinopathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (uveoencephalitis), sympathetic ophthalmia, masquerade syndromes. Corneal Disorders: Eye76 >> incl. corneal abrasion, superficial punctate keratitis, corneal ulcer, serpiginous keratitis (ulcus serpens), bacterial keratitis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis (marginal keratolysis, peripheral rheumatoid ulceration), keratoconjunctivitis sicca, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, interstitial (parenchymatous) keratitis, keratomalacia (xerotic keratitis, xerophthalmia), keratoconus, bullous keratopathy, neurotrophic keratopathy, arcus lipoides senilis (gerontoxon). herpetic keratoconjunctivitis: 256 (5) (infection) acute follicular
conjunctivitis, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: 258 (2) (infection) Corneal transplantation
(s. penetrating keratoplasty): Eye76 >> Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders:
Eye78
>> eye hyperemia, subconjunctival hemorrhages, conjunctival edema, chemosis, hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles, benign neoplasms of conjunctiva (pinguecula, pterygium): Eye78
>> acute conjunctivitis: viral (incl. pharyngoconjunctival fever, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis), bacterial, ophthalmia neonatorum (s. blennorrhea neonatorum, neonatal conjunctivitis, infantile purulent conjunctivitis): Eye78
>> chronic
conjunctivitis: Eye78
>> episcleritis,
scleritis: Eye78
>> Vitreous Disorders: Eye80 >> incl. vitreous hemorrhage, Terson syndrome, posterior vitreous detachment. Lacrimal Disorders: Eye82 >> incl. dacryostenosis, dacryocystitis, dacryoadenitis. Orbital Disorders: Eye84 >> incl. periorbital cellulitis, orbital cellulitis, exophthalmos (proptosis). Eye Trauma: Eye86 >> incl. hyphema, foreign bodies, contusions & lacerations (eyelid, eyebrow, lacrimal canaliculi, globe), traumatic optic neuropathy, burns, iridodialysis, cyclodialysis, commotio retinae. Inf. Infections GENERAL:
Inf1
>> incl. dosages of antibiotics and antivirals. Meningitis
(s. arachnoiditis, leptomeningitis): Inf3 >> incl. meningism (pseudomeningitis), Austrian syndrome, tuberculous meningitis, intracerebral tuberculoma, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare meningitis, cryptococcal meningitis, cryptococcomas, neonatal meningitis, geriatric meningitis, posttraumatic meningitis, hemogenic meningitis, basal meningitis, spinal meningitis, spinal adhesive arachnoiditis, Mollaret meningitis (s. benign recurrent lymphocytic meningitis). Abscess,
Empyema: Inf5 >> incl. intracerebral abscess, cerebritis, Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis, aspergillosis, intramedullary spinal cord abscess, subdural empiema (cranial, spinal), epidural abscess (cranial, spinal). Osteomyelitis:
Inf7 >> incl. cranial osteomyelitis, vertebral osteomyelitis (s. infective spondylitis), Pott’s disease (tuberculous spondylitis), infectious diskitis. Encephalitis:
Inf9 >> incl. herpes simplex encephalitis, VZV encephalomyelitis, arbovirus encephalitides (Eastern equine, Japanese B, St. Louis, Western equine, West Nile, Venezuelan equine, California - La Crosse, Dengue fever, Colorado tick fever, Powassan, Far East tick-borne, European tick-borne), encephalitis lethargica (von Economo disease), Balamuthia amebic encephalitis. incl. prion diseases (prionoses), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease), kuru, Gerstmann-Straüssler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia Met. Metabolic disorders Metabolic myopathies:
Met1
>> incl. myoadenylate deaminase deficiency. Mitochondrial disorders:
Met5
>> incl. Leigh disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy), Alpers disease (progressive infantile cerebral poliodystrophy), Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Pearson marrow-pancreas syndrome, merrf (myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers syndrome), melas (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes), narp (neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa syndrome), mngie, s. mepop, polip, lethal infantile mitochondrial disease, Luft disease, mt dna depletion syndrome, disorders of citric acid cycle. Leber
hereditary optic atrophy: Eye62
>> chronic
progressive external ophthalmoplegia: Eye64
>> Reye syndrome: 265 (1) (infection) Degenerative CNS
diseases: Met7
>> incl. neurodegenerative diseases, trinucleotide repeat diseases, anticipation. Hemorrhagic shock
and encephalopathy syndrome: Met9
>> Mov. Movement disorders, Ataxias decorticate / decerebrate rigidity: A61 >> Surgery for movement disorders: Mov30
>> incl. ventrolateral thalamotomy, thalamic deep-brain stimulation, pallidotomy, pallidal / subthalamic nucleus deep-brain stimulation. Upper motoneuron (UMN) & Lower motoneuron (LMN) disorders GENERAL (UMN
(pyramidal) & LMN disorders): Mov3
>> incl. weakness, muscle tone abnormalities (hypotonia, spasticity, rigidity, paratonia / gegenhalten), fatigability, pseudobulbar paralysis*, "locked in" syndrome (s. pseudocoma)*, bulbar paralysis*, fasciculations, benign fasciculations (Denny-Brown, Foley syndrome), fibrillations, myokymia, cramp (s. spasm), muscle stiffness, tetany, contractures, paraparesis, hemiparesis, tetraparesis, monoparesis, bibrachial paresis, neck weakness ("floppy head" syndrome), hyporeflexia, bilateral hyperreflexia, acute generalized weakness, episodic weakness, drop attack. *also see A59 >> muscle relaxants (baclofen,
tizanidine): Mov3
>> Extrapyramidal disorders GENERAL
(extrapyramidal movement disorders): Mov1
>> incl. hyperkinesias, hypokinesias, tremor (physiologic tremor, dystonic tremor, essential tremor, familial [benign hereditary] tremor, orthostatic tremor, primary writer's tremor, shuddering attacks, hereditary chin trembling), tic, mannerisms, chorea, ballismus, athetosis, myoclonus, asterixis, dystonia, tardive (s. oral-buccal-lingual) dyskinesia, akathisia, psychogenic movement disorders (stereotypy, catatonia). acute dystonia, tardive
dyskinesia, akathisia as neuroleptic
side effects: Psy9 >> myoclonic encephalopathy (opsoclonus - myoclonus paraneoplastic syndrome): Onc20 >> Parkinsonism,
Parkinson’s disease: Mov10
>> incl. antiparkinsonism drugs - L-DOPA (levodopa), carbidopa,
benserazide, tolcapone, entacapone, bromocriptine, pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole, cabergoline,
apomorphine, rotigotine, amantadine, deprenyl (selegiline), rasagiline, benztropine,
trihexyphenidyl, biperiden. Secondary Parkinsonism: Mov11
>> incl. drug-induced parkinsonism, mptp-induced parkinsonism,
postencephalitic parkinsonism, hemiparkinsonism-hemiatrophy syndrome,
"lower-body parkinsonism". Parkinsonism-Plus Syndromes,
Heredodegenerative Parkinsonism: Mov12
>> incl. progressive supranuclear palsy,
corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, multiple system atrophy (striatonigral
degeneration, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Shy-Drager syndrome),
Lytico-Bodig (parkinsonism-dementia-als
complex of Guam), Hallervorden-Spatz disease, familial basal ganglia
calcifications, Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). Choreas:
Mov20
>> incl. Huntington disease, Sydenham chorea (st. Vitus' dance, acute chorea, chorea minor), other immune choreas, chorea gravidarum, birth control pill chorea, senile chorea, neuroacanthocytosis, hemichorea & hemiballism, hereditary nonprogressive chorea. Dystonias:
Mov21
>> incl. primary dystonia (s. dystonia musculorum deformans, idiopathic torsion dystonia), cervical dystonia (s. spasmodic torticollis), blepharospasm, writer's cramp, dystonia of vocal cords, dystonia-plus syndromes (dopa-responsive dystonia, X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism). Drug-Induced Movement Disorders: Mov25
>> incl. acute dystonic reactions, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, withdrawal emergent syndrome, tardive dyskinesia syndromes, akathisia. Various other
movement disorders: Mov22
>> incl. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, chronic tic disorder, transient tic disorder of childhood, essential myoclonus, palatal myoclonus, myoclonic dystonia, startle syndromes (s. hyperexplexia), paroxysmal dyskinesias, painful legs - moving toes syndrome. post-traumatic movement
disorders: TrH1 >>
Cerebellar disorders GENERAL (cerebellar disorders): Mov5
>> incl. ataxia, vestibulocerebellum (caudal vermis syndrome, s. flocculonodular syndrome), spinocerebellum (rostral vermis syndrome, s. anterior lobe syndrome), cerebrocerebellum (cerebellar hemisphere syndrome), pancerebellar syndrome, cerebellar oculomotor syndromes, cerebellovascular syndromes, paroxysmal ataxia. cerebellar mutism: Onc18
>> alcoholic cerebellar
degeneration: Psy21 >> Ataxias: Mov50
>> incl. Friedreich ataxia, early-onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes, congenital ataxias, Joubert syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, ataxia due to vit. e deficiency, abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome), spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, 2, 3 (Machado-Joseph disease), 4, 5, 6, 7, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, episodic ataxia type 1-2, nonhereditary, idiopathic cerebellar ataxia (cerebellar type, plus type), acute cerebellar ataxia. Gait disorders GENERAL (gait
disorders): Mov7
>> incl. falls, immobility, dyssynergy syndromes (freezing, frontal disequilibrium [Bruns ataxia, s. frontal ataxia], frontal gait), sensory gait syndromes (sensory ataxia, vestibular ataxia, visual ataxia, multisensory disequilibrium), perception / orientation syndromes, motor force disorders, force scaling disorders (parkinsonian gait, choreic gaits, dystonic gaits, cerebellar ataxia, corticospinal gaits), impaired adaptation and strategies (post-fall syndrome), psychogenic gait disorders. Mus. Muscular, Neuromuscular disorders GENERAL
(Neuromuscular Disorders): Mus0
>> Neuromuscular Junction disorders: Myasthenia Gravis: Mus1
>> incl. edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) test, thymectomy. Congenital Myasthenias, Eaton-Lambert
Syndrome: Mus2
>> Muscular Dystrophies: Mus5
>> incl. dystrophinopathies (Duchenne, Becker), Xp21 myopathies, McLeod syndrome, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (s. Landouzy-Dejerine disease), scapuloperoneal syndromes, myotonic dystrophy (s. Steinert disease), myotonic dystrophy type 2 (s. Thornton-Griggs-Moxley disease, proximal myotonic dystrophy), Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Hauptmann-Thannhauser muscular dystrophy, Bethlem myopathy, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, limb girdle muscular dystrophies, severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy, distal muscular dystrophies, congenital muscular dystrophies (incl. Fukuyama, Walker-Warburg, muscle-eye-brain of Santavuori). Skeletal Muscle Channelopathies: Mus7
>> incl. hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, paramyotonia congenita (s. Eulenburg disease), sodium channel myotonias, autosomal dominant myotonia congenita (Thomsen disease), autosomal recessive myotonia congenita (Becker disease), hypokalemic periodic paralysis, Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (s. chondrodystrophic myotonia), thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, Andersen's syndrome, Brody's disease, rippling muscle disease, neuromyotonia (s. Isaacs' syndrome). Congenital Myopathies: Mus9
>> incl. nemaline myopathy, myotubular-centronuclear myopathy, central core disease, congenital fiber-type disproportion, other congenital myopathies. Congenital Muscle Anomalies: Mus9
>> incl. brain malformations and muscle development, amyoplasia, proteus syndrome (s. muscular dysgenesis, elephant man's disease). Rhabdomyolysis, Myoglobinuria, Toxic Myopathies:
Mus11
>> malignant hyperthermia: 3910 (1-2) (intensive care) Onc. Oncology Neurological
Paraneoplastic Syndromes: Onc66
>> incl. paraneoplastic antibodies (anti-Hu, antineuronal nuclear antibody, anti-Ri, anti-Yo, anti-Purkinje cell antibodies). Brain & Skull tumors Brain Tumors
(GENERAL): Onc1 >> incl. Bailey & Cushing
schema, Gorlin syndrome (nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome), Muir-Torre
syndrome, Karnofsky performance scale. Brain Tumors
(TREATMENT): Onc3 >>
incl. Cavitron ultrasonic aspirator (CUSA), CO2 laser, P-glycoprotein, methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT), BBB disruption, specific drugs (temozolomide), fluorescence-guided resection (s. chemonavigation, 5-ALA) Surgical Removal Technique: Onc5 >> Brain Tumor Types Astrocytomas: Onc10
>> incl. Kernohan-Sayre grade, St. Anne/Mayo grade, Bailey and Cushing classification, glioblastoma multiforme, gliomatosis cerebri, optic pathway glioma. Oligodendrogliomas: Onc12 >> Ependymoma: Onc14
>> Choroid Plexus Tumors: Onc16 >> incl. choroid plexus papilloma, choroid plexus carcinoma. Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors: Onc18
>> incl.
medulloblastoma, cerebellar mutism (posterior fossa syndrome), Collin law. Neuroblastic Tumors: Onc20 >> incl. neuroblastoma, Hutchinson syndrome, Pepper syndrome, “blueberry muffin” baby, opsoclonus - myoclonus paraneoplastic syndrome (myoclonic encephalopathy), International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS), Evans staging system, Shimada histopathologic classification, Joshi histopathologic classification, ganglioneuroma (ganglioma), gangliocytoma (s. central ganglioneuroma). Neuronal and Mixed Tumors: Onc22
>> incl. (central) neurocytoma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, ganglioglioma, gangliocytoma. Vascular Tumors: Onc24 >> incl. hemangioblastoma, Lindau tumor, von Hippel-Lindau disease, hemangiopericytoma. Pituitary Tumors: Onc26
>> incl. pituitary adenomas, pituitary carcinomas, empty sella syndrome, pituitary apoplexy, craniopharyngioma. prolactinoma: 2738 >> Pineal Region Tumors: Onc28 >> incl. germ cell tumors, germinoma (intracranial seminoma), embryonal cell carcinoma, teratoma, rhabdoid tumor, yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor), choriocarcinoma, pinealomas (pineoblastoma, pineocytoma). Dermoid tumor, Epidermoid tumor (s. cholesteatoma), Colloid Cysts, Arachnoid
Cysts, Lipoma: Onc30
>> Brain Metastases: Onc32 >> incl. CNS melanoma, neurocutaneous melanosis. Leptomeningeal
Metastases (s. Leptomeningeal
Carcinomatosis, Neoplastic Meningitis): Onc34 >> incl.
intrathecal therapy. Primary CNS Lymphoma: Onc36 >> incl. intravascular malignant lymphomatosis (s. neoplastic angioendotheliosis, angiotropic lymphoma), neurolymphomatosis. Meningioma: Onc38
>> Skull Tumors: Onc40 >> incl. osteoma, osteoid osteoma, ossifying fibroma, osteoblastoma, osteosarcoma, chondromas (enchondroma, juxtacortical chondroma, osteochondroma), chondromyxoid fibromas, chondroblastomas, chondrosarcoma, desmoplastic fibroma, fibrosarcoma, giant cell granuloma, nonossifying fibroma, xanthoma, Ewing sarcoma, giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma), eosinophilic granuloma, hemangioma, lymphangioma, angiosarcoma, esthesioneuroblastoma, fibrous dysplasia, Paget disease, aneurysmal bone cysts, multiple myeloma, hyperostoses, hyperostosis frontalis interna, metastases. Chordoma, ecchordosis physaliphora: Onc42 >> Spinal & Vertebral tumors Intramedullary
Spinal Tumors: Onc50
>> incl. Fincher syndrome. Intradural
Extramedullary Spinal Tumors: Onc54
>> incl. spinal cysts (arachnoid, ependymal, enterogenous, branchiogenic). Extradural
Spinal Tumors, Vertebral Tumors:
Onc56
>> incl. enostosis, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma), giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma), osteochondroma (solitary osteocartilaginous exostosis), chondrosarcoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, Ewing sarcoma, multiple myeloma, solitary plasmacytoma, eosinophilic granuloma, hemangioma, angiolipoma, metastases. Nerve tumors Nerve Tumors:
Onc60
>> incl. schwannoma (neurilemoma, neurinoma), Enneking staging system, neurofibroma, nerve sheath fibrosarcoma, malignant schwannoma, peripheral nerve metastases, lipofibromatosis of median nerve. Schwannomas of
Cranial Nerves: Onc62
>> incl. cerebellopontine angle tumors, vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma), facial schwannoma, trigeminal schwannoma, hypoglossal schwannoma. Paragangliomas:
Onc64 >> incl. paraganglia, chemodectoma, glomus jugulare tumor, glomus tympanicum tumor, Fisch classification, Brown sign. Op. Operative Techniques CSF sampling Lumbar Puncture (s. Spinal Tap): Op3 >> incl. Queckenstedt test, Tobey-Ayer test. Other CSF Sampling Procedures: Op5
>> incl. cisternal (s. suboccipital) puncture, lateral cervical puncture, ventricular puncture. Blockades of Peripheral Nerves: Op1
>> incl. n. occipitalis major, minor, n. supraorbitalis, n. supratrochlearis, n. infraorbitalis, n. mentalis, cervical plexus (superficial block), brachial plexus, n. suprascapularis, n. ulnaris, n. medianus, n. radialis, nn. digitales manus, n. intercostalis, n. ilioinguinalis, n. iliohypogastricus, sacral (caudal) epidural block, n. pudendus (saddle block), n. femoralis, n. cutaneus femoris lateralis, n. ischiadicus, n. tibialis, n. suralis, n. saphenus, n. peroneus, nn. digitales pedis. Spinal Anesthesia (s. Subarachnoid Block), Epidural
Anesthesia: Op7
>> Ped. Pediatrics Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), ALTE (apparent life-threatening event): Ped1
>> Child
Maltreatment (Abuse and Neglect): Ped3
>> incl. corporal punishment, failure to thrive, female genital mutilation. Developmental
Delay: Ped5
>> incl. speech delay, cerebral palsy, spastic hemiparesis (hemiplegia), spastic diparesis (diplegia), s. Little disease, spastic quadriplegia, hypotonic cerebral palsy, dyskinetic cerebral palsy, ataxic cerebral palsy. Differential
Diagnosis of Pediatric Neurodisorders: Ped7
>> Perinatal Period:
Ped9 >> incl. Apgar score, new Ballard score, circumcision, prematurity, postdatism, postmaturity, small-for-gestational-age (SGA, dysmaturity, intrauterine growth restriction, IUGR), symmetric growth retardation, asymmetric (head sparing) growth retardation, large-for-gestational-age (LGA), Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, perinatal asphyxia, newborn resuscitation, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (incl. status marmoratus, Sarnat classification, multicystic encephalomalacia), neonatal hypothermia, birth trauma (subependymal / intraventricular hemorrhage, caput succedaneum, cephalhematoma, subgaleal hematoma, cranial nerve injury, brachial plexus injuries, fractures, soft-tissue injuries), periventricular / intraventricular hemorrhage (PVH-IVH), periventricular hemorrhagic venous infarction, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). newborn screening: 4800 >> (public
health) Infancy,
Childhood, Adolescence: Ped11
>> incl. nutrition,
breastfeeding, human milk, colostrum, breast weaning, bottle feeding,
formulas, starting solid foods, regurgitation, spitting mucus, underfeeding,
refusing food, overfeeding, growth, safety, sleeping, resistance to going to
bed, awakening during night, diaper rash, intertrigo, teething, pacifier, crying,
television, sports, recurrent pain syndromes (recurrent abdominal pain
syndrome, headache, limb pain = "growing pains"), pediatric
mortality. erythematous flush (“boiled lobster”), cutis marmorata, acrocyanosis, harlequin dyschromic, mongolian spots, nevus flammeus (“port-wine stain”), erythema toxicum neonatorum, transient neonatal pustular melanosis: Exam11 >> Psychosocial
Pediatrics: Ped13
>> incl. child care (s. day care, nursery school, babysitting), foster care, adoption, divorce, malformed infant, death (infant death, death of family member or friend). Pha. Phacomatoses (neurocutaneous disorders) Phacomatoses
(GENERAL): Pha1
>> incl. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Rud syndrome, Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, proteus syndrome. Neurofibromatosis
(von Recklinghausen’s disease): Pha3
>> Tuberous
Sclerosis (Bourneville’s disease): Pha5
>> Sturge-Weber syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis): Pha7
>> incl. Roach Scale classification. PN. Peripheral Neuropathies blockades of peripheral nerves → see “Op. Operative Techniques” >> PNS demyelination → see “Dem. Demyelinating Disorders” >> GENERAL: PN1
>> incl. polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy, mononeuropathy multiplex, radiculopathy, dorsal root ganglion syndromes (sensory ganglionitis), food supplements for reversing neuropathies. vasculitic neuropathies: PN11
>> critical illness
polyneuropathy: PN11
>> toxic neuropathies: PN11
>> paraneoplastic neuropathies: Onc66
>> Hereditary
Neuropathies: PN3
>> hereditary sensory and motor neuropathies (hsmn): PN3
>> incl. hsmn i (s. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1, peroneal muscular atrophy), Roussy-Levy disease, hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (s. hnpp, tomaculous neuropathy), hsmn ii (s. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2), hsmn iii (s. Dejerine-Sottas disease), cmt 4 hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (hsan): PN3
>> incl. hsan i (hereditary sensory radicular neuropathy), hsan ii (congenital sensory neuropathy), hsan iii (familial dysautonomia, Riley-Day syndrome), hsan iv (familial sensory neuropathy with anhydrosis, congenital insensitivity to pain), hsan v (congenital sensory neuropathy with selective loss of small myelinated fibers). hereditary sensory neuropathies (hsn): PN3
>> giant axonal neuropathy, familial
amyloid polyneuropathy: PN3
>> Compressive
Neuropathies (s. Entrapment Neuropathies, Tunnel Syndromes): PN5
>> incl. n. medianus, carpal tunnel syndrome, n. ulnaris, cubital tunnel syndrome, n. radialis, Saturday night palsy, radial tunnel (s. posterior interosseus nerve) syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome, n. suprascapularis, n. ischiadicus, piriformis syndrome, sciatica, n. peroneus, n. tibialis, tarsal tunnel syndrome, meralgia paresthetica, Morton’s neuroma. deep posterior compartment syndrome (n. tibialis): A22 (7) anterior compartment syndrome (n. peroneus profundus): A22 (9) Trauma of
Peripheral Nerves: PN7
>> incl. traumatic neuroma*, neurapraxia, axonotmesis, neurotmesis, neurorrhaphy, cable grafts. *also see A5 >> Plexopathies:
PN9
>> incl. brachial plexopathies, Duchenne-Erb palsy, Dejerine-Klumpke palsy, neuralgic amyotrophy (s. brachial plexitis, Parsonage-Turner syndrome, shoulder-girdle syndrome), lumbosacral plexopathies. brachial plexus birth
trauma: Ped9
>> Psy. Psychiatry & Behavioral Science Substance-related disorders >> genetics of
behavioral and psychiatric disorders: 3777-3780 (genetics) Behavioral Science
Basics: Psy1
>> incl. animal models and human behavior, motivation & consummatory behaviors (eating, hunger, drinking, sexual and reproductive behavior, sexual development, sexual behavior, aggression, self-stimulation of brain, animal models of substance abuse, conflict situations, animal models of psychiatric disorders, theories of mind [psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) theory, s. freudian theory, instincts (drives), psychosexual stages, oedipus complex, id, ego, superego, psychoanalysis, learning theory (behaviorism), cognitive theory, psychosocial theory, biomedical theory], life cycle, death and dying, social and family behavior, biopsychosocial model, interpersonal behavior, large group behavior, family behavior (marriage, divorce, single-parent families, family life cycle), human sexuality. Psychiatric
Examination: Psy3 >> incl. psychological testing (s. psychometric evaluation), personality tests. Psychiatry (general): Psy5 >> incl. definitions (mood, affect, anxiety, thought process [circumstantiality, tangentiality, derailment, clang associations, blocking, flight of ideas, confabulation, echolalia, perseveration, verbigeration, word salad, neologisms], thought content, hallucinations, hallucinosis, illusion, delusion, frontal lobe syndrome), classification of mental disorders (dsm), therapies (psychotherapy, hypnosis, family therapy, psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive therapy ect), psychiatric emergency (crisis, aggressive patient), legal issues, pediatric aspects (circular behavioral pattern, temper tantrum, bonding, attachment, hospitalism, anaclitic depression, vulnerable child syndrome, thumb sucking). Psychotic disorders Psychosis: Psy9 >> Neuroleptics (s. Antipsychotics, Major
Tranquilizers): Psy9 >> incl. chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, mesoridazine, pimozide, perphenazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, thiothixene, chlorprothixene, haloperidol, droperidol, loxapine, molindone, clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, paliperidone. neuroleptic motor
side effects (incl. neuroleptic malignant syndr.): Mov25
>> Schizophrenia:
Psy11 >> incl. catatonia. Schizophrenia-like
Disorders: Psy13
>> incl. brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder (incl. erotomania, psychose passionnelle, Clerambault syndrome, old maid's insanity, conjugal paranoia, Othello syndrome, pathological / morbid jealousy, monosymptomatic hypochondriasis, Capgras syndrome, Fregoli syndrome, Cotard syndrome), shared psychotic disorder (s. folie deux), schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, symbiotic psychosis, substance-induced psychotic disorder. Mood (s. Affective) disorders Mood (s. Affective) Disorders: Psy17
>> incl. major depressive disorder, melancholia, suicide, dysthymic disorder, bipolar i disorder (s. classic manic-depression), bipolar ii disorder, cyclothymic disorder, seasonal affective disorder. depression in dying patient: 4807 >> Antidepressants
s. Thymoleptics: Psy15
>> incl. tricyclic TCA (imipramine, desipramine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, protriptyline, doxepin, trimipramine, clomipramine, amoxapine, maprotiline), monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAOI (iproniazid, tranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, moclobemide, Befloxatone, deprenyl), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRI (fluoxetine, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram, trazodone, nefazodone), selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors SSNRI (venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine), dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (bupropion), other antidepressants (mirtazapine, St. John's wort, buspirone). Mood stabilizers:
Psy15
>> incl. lithium carbonate, anticonvulsants. Substance-related disorders Alcohol:
Psy21 >> incl. minor alcohol withdrawal (“shakes”, hangover), delirium tremens (severe alcohol withdrawal), alcohol withdrawal seizures ("rum fits"), alcohol hallucinosis, chronic alcoholism, disulfiram, naltrexone, nalmefene, acamprosate, topiramate, alcoholic dementia, alcoholic cerebellar degeneration, alcoholic myopathy, alcoholic neuropathy, Korsakoff psychosis, Wernicke encephalopathy, fetal alcohol syndrome. Substance-related
Disorders: Psy23
>> incl. controlled substances, substance use disorders, substance dependence (tolerance, withdrawal / abstinence), substance abuse, opioids, methadone, lofexidine, buprenorphine, l-α-acetylmethadol s. laam, levomethadyl acetate, nicotine, smoking cessation, varenicline, amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis (marijuana, hashish, ganja, bhang), hallucinogens (psychotomimetics, psychedelics), lysergic acid diethylamide (lsd), psilocybin, mescaline, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (stp, dom), dimethyl-tryptamine (dmt), phencyclidine (pcp, "angel dust"), ketamine (“k”, special k), gamma hydroxybutyrate (ghb, “g”), inhalants, methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, aminophylline). Other disorders Anxiety
Disorders: Psy25 >> incl. panic disorder, panic attack, generalized anxiety disorder (gad), obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd), obsessions, compulsion, rituals, phobic disorders, school refusal (s. school phobia), posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd), acute stress disorder (asd), adjustment disorder, situational anxiety, anxiety about death, anxiety about mutilation, loss of prowess, loss of attractiveness, anxiety about loss of self-esteem, separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, anxiety about loss of control, anxiety about dependency, anxiety about intimacy, anxiety about being punished, signal anxiety. Sexual Disorders:
Psy19 >> incl. sexual identity, gender identity, gender role, sexual orientation, libido, masturbation, homosexuality, promiscuity / hypersexuality, sexual dysfunction (hypoactive sexual desire disorder, Gastaut-Geschwind syndrome, sexual aversion disorder, female sexual arousal disorder, inhibited female orgasm, inhibited male orgasm, premature ejaculation, dyspareunia, vaginismus), paraphilias (exhibitionism, fetishism, voyeurism, frotteurism, pedophilia, sexual masochism, sexual sadism, telephone scatologia, necrophilia, zoophilia), gender identity disorders (transsexualism), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (premenstrual syndrome [pms], late luteal phase dysphoric disorder). Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Psy27
>> incl. aprosexia, methylphenidate, dexmethylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, mixed amphetamine salts, pemoline, atomoxetine, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. Autistic
Spectrum Disorders (s. Pervasive Developmental
Disorders): Psy29
>> incl. autistic disorder (autism), Asperger disorder, Rett disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, PDD not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Learning Disabilities: Psy31
>> incl. dyslexia, developmental language disorder (dysphasia), phonologic dyslexia, surface dyslexia, dysgraphia, dysorthographia, poor handwriting, dyscalculia, ageometria, anarithmia, dysnomia. Mental Retardation: Psy33 >> Personality
Disorders: Psy35 >> incl. type a personality, paranoid personality, schizoid personality, schizotypal personality, antisocial personality, borderline personality, histrionic personality, narcissistic personality, avoidant personality, dependent personality, obsessive-compulsive personality. Somatoform (s.
Psychosomatic) Disorders: Psy37 >> incl. sick role, somatization disorder, conversion disorder (s. hysteria), mass hysteria (epidemic hysteria), body dysmorphic disorder (s. dysmorphophobia), hypochondriasis, (somatoform, s. psychogenic) pain disorder, factitious disorder, Münchhausen syndrome, Münchhausen syndrome by proxy (s. factitious disorder not otherwise specified), malingering, placebo response. Eating Disorders:
Psy39 >> incl. anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, pica, infant rumination disorder, failure to thrive. Elimination
(Toileting) Disorders: Psy41
>> incl. enuresis, encopresis. Disruptive Behavioral Disorders: Psy43
>> incl. oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder. Impulse Control
Disorders: Psy45
>> incl. intermittent explosive disorder (s. episodic dyscontrol syndrome), kleptomania, pyromania, pyrolagnia, trichotillomania, trichophagy, pathological gambling. Dissociative Disorders: Psy47 >> incl. dissociative amnesia, depersonalization disorder, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder (s. multiple personality disorder). Violence:
Psy49 >> incl. bullying, family (domestic) violence – spousal abuse. Uncertain
Syndromes: Psy51
>> incl. Gulf War syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome (idiopathic environmental intolerance), chronic fatigue syndrome. Rx. Treatment modalities Radiotherapy, Interventional Radiology >> Benzodiazepines:
Rx1
>> incl. chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, flurazepam, clonazepam, clobazam, clorazepate, halazepam, prazepam, nitrazepam, quazepam, lorazepam, temazepam, alprazolam, estazolam, oxazepam, triazolam, midazolam*, benzodiazepine antagonists (flumazenil), benzodiazepine overdose. *also see 3905 (6) (intensive care) Barbiturates:
Rx2 >> incl.
phenobarbital, barbital, pentobarbital,
secobarbital, amobarbital, hexobarbital, butabarbital, thiopental, barbiturate overdose. Other
Sedatives-Anxiolytics-Hypnotics: Rx3
>> incl. ramelteon, buspirone, chloral hydrate, chloral alcoholate, meprobamate, chloral betaine, paraldehyde, glutethimide, ethanol (ethyl alcohol), dexmedetomidine, methocarbamol, zolpidem, zaleplon, zopiclone, eszopiclone. Antibiotics:
Inf1
>> general principles of radiotherapy: 1711 (1-2) (oncology) Radiotherapy:
Rx11 >>
Onc3 >>
incl. external beam radiation therapy, hyperfractionation, accelerated fractionation, stereotactic radiation, stereotactic radiosurgery (gamma knife), brachytherapy (interstitial / implanted radiation therapy), radiocolloidal solutions, transient radiation leukoencephalopathy, somnolence syndrome, transient radiation myelopathy, radiation necrosis, diffuse white matter injury, radiation myelopathy, radiation-induced vasculopathy, radiation optic neuropathy, radiation-induced neuropathy. Interventional neuroradiology: D61 Stereotactic
Neurosurgery: Rx20
>> incl. robotics, frameless stereotaxis. S. Symptoms, Signs, Syndromes Consciousness, Arousal, Awareness >> Sleep, Alertness, Circadian Rhythms >> physiology: S1 language disorders:
S2, D1
>> incl. aphasia, auditory aphasia (s. word deafness, auditory verbal agnosia), alexia (s. visual alexia, sensory alexia, visual aphasia, word blindness, alexia without agraphia), agraphia, aphemia (s. little Broca aphasia, cortical anarthria, speech apraxia), aprosody. speech disorders: S3 incl. dysphonia, dysarthria, mutism, phonic tics & vocalizations, reiterative speech disturbances (echolalia, palilalia, logoclonia, stutter). memory physiology: S5 memory
testing: D1
>> amnesias: S6 incl. age-associated memory impairment, Korsakoff syndrome, transient global amnesia, factitious [psychogenic] amnesia. Dementia (s. Chronic Organic Brain syndrome) general: S10 cortical dementias: S11 incl. Alzheimer disease (drugs - tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine), Pick disease [frontotemporal dementia], ALS-dementia complex. other dementias: S12 incl. diffuse Lewy body disease, vascular dementia (multi-infarct dementia, Binswanger disease). alcoholic dementia: Psy21 >> Delirium (s. Acute Organic Brain syndrome, Acute Confusional state) general: S15 in dying patient: 4807 Pain: S20, A49 (2) incl. nociceptive & neuropathic pain, hyperalgesia, allodynia, referred pain, sensitization of C-polymodal nociceptors, triple cold syndrome, central post-stroke syndrome (s. thalamic pain syndrome, Dejerine-Roussy syndrome), pain asymbolia, phantom limb pain, post-herpetic neuralgia, pain of spinal cord injury, cancer and terminal pain, complex regional pain syndromes (reflex sympathetic dystrophy, causalgia, shoulder-hand syndrome); drugs (pregabalin, ziconotide, intrathecal alcohol); physical therapy (infrared heat, hot packs, paraffin bath, hydrotherapy, diathermy, acupuncture, mechanotherapy, cervical traction, massage, cold); electrical stimulation (incl. TENS), deep brain stimulation; surgical procedures (rhizotomy, anterolateral cordotomy, commissural myelotomy, mesencephalic tractotomy, thalamotomy, stereotactic frontolimbic disconnections, drez [dorsal root entry zone] lesioning, sympathectomy, neurectomy). Opioids: S21, S20, A4b incl. opium, opiates, opioids, morphine, meperidine, methadone, fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil, remifentanil, heroin, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, levorphanol, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, propoxyphene, diphenoxylate, tramadol, tapentadol, pentazocine, buprenorphine, nalorphine, nalbuphine, butorphanol, dezocine, naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene, methylnaltrexone. Other Sensory Disorders: S22 incl. hypesthesia, hyperesthesia, paresthesia, dysesthesia. psychogenic sensory disorders: D1
>> general: S24 incl. International Headache Society (IHS) classification, Migraine: S25 incl. cortical spreading depression (CSD) of Leão, teichopsia (s. fortification spectrum), status migrainosus, migraine with aura (classic migraine), migraine without aura, complicated migraine, basilar migraine, confusional migraine, hemiplegic migraine, ophthalmoplegic migraine, retinal migraine, abdominal migraine (s. cyclic vomiting syndrome), carotidynia (s. facial migraine), migrainous accompaniments (s. migraine equivalents), transformed migraine, malignant migraine, migralepsy, rebound headache treatment: selective 5-HT1
agonists – triptans (sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, naratriptan,
rizatriptan, almotriptan, frovatriptan, eletriptan), 5-HT1
agonists - ergot alkaloids (ergotamine,
dihydroergotamine), Fiorinal, Treximet, feverfew (MigreLief) prophylaxis: methysergide, cyproheptadine. Tension-Type Headache (TTH): S26 Cluster Headache, Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania, Hemicrania Continua: S27 Other Headaches: S28 incl. chronic daily headache, sexual headache, benign cough & exertional headache, cervicogenic headache & occipital neuralgia, hypnic headache. Consciousness, Arousal, Awareness general: S30 incl. coma, stupor, obtundation, lethargy, sopor, drowsiness, psychogenic unresponsiveness, Glasgow coma scale, Glasgow-Liege scale, sedation scale, children coma scales, “doll’s eyes” (s. oculocephalic, oculogyric, cervico-ocular) reflex, oculovestibular reflex (caloric stimulation). vegetative state: S32 brain death: S34 Sleep, Alertness, Circadian Rhythms physiology: D27
>> GENERAL (sleep disorders): S40 infant sleep disorders: Ped11
>> Insomnias: S42 Excessive Daytime Somnolence: S44 incl. Epworth sleepiness scale, narcolepsy (drugs – modafinil, armodafinil, sodium oxybate), cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic & hypnopompic hallucinations, idiopathic (primary) hypersomnia, Kleine-Levin syndrome, sleep apnea, upper airway resistance syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder (s. nocturnal myoclonus), restless legs syndrome. Parasomnias: S46 incl. sleep terrors (s. pavor nocturnus), sleepwalking (s. somnambulism), confusional arousals, hypnic jerks (s. sleep starts), rhythmic movement disorder, sleep talking (s. somniloquy), nocturnal leg cramps, rem sleep behavioral disorder, nightmares, hypnogenic (s. nocturnal) paroxysmal dystonia, sleep bruxism, sleep enuresis. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (s. Chronobiological Disorders): S48 incl. time zone change (jet lag) syndrome, shift work sleep disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, advanced sleep phase syndrome, non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, irregular sleep-wake pattern. Intracranial Pressure: S50 intracranial hypertension: S50 incl. Cushing reflex, ICP monitoring (ventriculostomy, subarachnoid bolts, intraparenchymal devices), ICP waveforms, mannitol (also see S52), pentobarbital coma. cerebral edema (vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial-hydrocephalic): S52 in brain tumors: Onc1 >> brain herniation: S54 incl. central (s. downward transtentorial) herniation, uncal (s. lateral mass) herniation, Kernohan notch phenomenon, Duret hemorrhages, cingulate (s. subfalcine) herniation, cerebellar tonsillar herniation, upward transtentorial herniation, herniation after lumbar puncture, transcalvarial herniation. idiopathic intracranial hypertension (s. pseudotumor cerebri): S56 intracranial hypotension, low pressure headache: S58 incl. post-LP headache*, orthostatic headache, caffeine sodium benzoate, epidural blood patch. *also see Op3 >> Hydrocephalus (s. Hydrocephaly): S60 incl. X-linked aqueductal stenosis, Macewen sign,
“setting sun” sign, benign pericerebral effusion. CSF diversion procedures
(ventricular shunting): S60 incl. third ventriculostomy, ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting, ventriculoatrial (VA) shunting, ventriculopleural shunting, Torkildsen (s. internal) shunts, lumboperitoneal shunts, transplantation of vascularized omentum, slit ventricle syndrome. normal-pressure hydrocephalus: S62 CSF leaks: S64 incl. rhinorrhea, otorrhea. Intracranial Calcification: S70 Spin. Spinal disorders Anatomic localization of motor symptoms, UMN & LMN lesions:
Mov3
>> Anatomic localization of sensory symptoms: S22 >> Radiculopathy:
PN1
>> Spinal imaging: D70 >> Spinal angiography: D61 >> Infections
of spinal cord and vertebrae: Inf3 >> Inf5 >> Inf7 >> Tumors
of spinal cord and vertebrae: Onc50
>> Onc54
>> Radiation
myelopathy: Rx11
>> Spinal Syndromes
(GENERAL): Spin1
>> incl. spinal structures affected in various disorders, spinal cord transection, spinal shock, spinal cord hemisection (Brown-Sequard syndrome), anterior 2/3 transection, extramedullary cord compression, Flatau law, central cord syndrome, cauda equina syndrome, conus medullaris syndrome, spinal complications, paroxysmal autonomic hyperreflexia (s. autonomic dysreflexia), spinal prognosis & rehabilitation, spinal cord independence measure (SCIM) neurogenic bladder: 2590a
>> urinary incontinence: 2590
>> Syringomyelia,
hydromyelia, syrinx, syringobulbia: Spin5 >> posttraumatic syrinx
(s. traumatic syringomyelia): TrS5
>> Transverse Myelopathy,
transverse myelitis: Spin7
>> incl. idiopathic acute transverse myelitis. Degenerative Disc
Disease: Spin11
>> incl. disc bulge, disc herniation, disc protrusion, disc extrusion, disc rupture, Schmorl nodule, Spurling test, sciatica, percutaneous nucleotomy, papain chemonucleolysis, discectomy, foraminotomy, laminotomy, laminectomy, spinal fusion, artificial disc implantation. Spondylosis:
Spin13
>> incl. pseudoclaudication (s. neurogenic intermittent claudication), ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) Spinal Stenosis:
Spin15
>> incl. laminoplasty, suspension laminotomy. Spondylolysis,
Spondylolisthesis: Spin17
>> incl. Meyerding's classification. Back pain
(lumbago), Cervical Pain:
Spin19
>> incl. back exercises, back hygiene. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Charcot's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease): Spin21
>> incl. El Escorial World Federation of Neurology criteria, riluzole. Spinal Muscular Atrophies (SMA, progressive spinal muscular atrophy, progressive spinal atrophy): Spin23
>> incl. Werdnig-Hoffman disease, Kugelberg-Welander disease, Kennedy's disease, Fazio-Londe disease, adult Tay-Sachs disease (hexosaminidase A deficiency). Familial Spastic Paraplegias (s. hereditary spastic paraplegias), primary lateral sclerosis: Spin25
>> Other Spinal Disorders:
Spin27
>> incl. stiff-person syndrome (s. stiff-man syndrome, Moersch-Woltman syndrome), epidural lipomatosis, lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis, progressive necrotizing myelopathy, Foix-Alajouanine syndrome. Tr. Trauma Spinal, Anterior Neck Trauma >> peripheral NS
trauma: PN7
>> general: TrH1
>> incl. concussion, diffuse axonal injury, centripetal theory of A.K. Ommaya and T.A. Gennarelli, coup / contrecoup contusion and laceration, Waddell triad, heterotopic ossification, neurogenic pulmonary edema, encephalomalacia, traumatic hemiatrophy, pneumocele (s. pneumocephalus), postconcussion (s. posttraumatic) syndrome, functional independence measure (FIM), Glasgow outcome scale (GOS), disability rating scale (DRS), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (s. dementia pugilistica, punch-drunk syndrome), second impact syndrome. posttraumatic CSF leaks: S64 >> posttraumatic meningitis: Inf3 >> PEDIATRIC Head
Injury: TrH20
>> incl. “shaken baby” syndrome. birth trauma: Ped9 >> Skull Fractures:
TrH5 >> incl. sutural diastasis (s. diastatic fracture), ping-pong fractures, leptomeningeal cyst (s. growing fracture). Carotid-Cavernous
Fistula: TrH9
>> incl. traumatic AV fistula. Epidural
Hematoma: TrH11 >> incl. emergency exploratory
burr holes (diagnostic burr holes), clot removal operation (incl. “question
mark” skin flap, “horse shoe” skin flap). Subdural
Hematoma: TrH13 >> incl. hematoma evacuation, SDH in infants, subdural tap. Subdural Hygroma
(s. Subdural Effusion): TrH15 >> GENERAL:
TrH25
>> Facial Trauma (frontal, orbital): TrH27
>> incl. orbital rim fractures, orbital floor fracture (incl. “blow-out” fracture), orbital apex fractures, orbital roof (blow-in) fractures, frontal sinus fractures. Facial Trauma (nasal, maxillary, zygomatic):
TrH29
>> incl. maxillofacial (middle face) fractures, Le Fort type i fracture (s. Guérin’s fracture,
dentoalveolar dysjunction), Le Fort type ii
fracture (s. pyramidal fracture of mid-face), Le Fort type iii fracture (s. craniofacial dysjunction), zygomatic fracture (zygomatic arch fracture,
zygomaticomaxillary (tripod, trimalar) fracture), antral packing, soft-tissue
injuries of nose (septal hematoma), nasal fracture, naso-orbital injuries,
nasofrontoethmoidal complex fracture. Facial Trauma (mandibular, dental): TrH31
>> incl. mandibular fracture, temporomandibular joint dislocation, dental trauma (tooth fracture, tooth avulsion, tooth subluxation, tooth intrusion). Vertebral Column
Injury (GENERAL): TrS1
>> Vertebral Column
Injury (SPECIFIC INJURIES):
TrS9
>> incl. compression (wedge) fracture, vertebroplasty,
kyphoplasty, teardrop fracture, clay shoveler's fracture, transverse ligament
disruption, atlantoaxial dislocation, odontoid fracture, atlas fracture,
atlantooccipital dislocation, chance ("seat belt") fracture, facet
dislocation, fracture of transverse process, “slice” fracture-dislocation (s.
torsional injury), posterior neural arch fracture, hangman’s fracture,
whiplash injury (s. cervical sprain, hyperextension injury), burst fracture,
Jefferson fracture, pathologic fractures. Spinal Cord
Injury: TrS5
>> incl. posttraumatic myelomalacia, burning hands syndrome, American spinal injury association (ASIA) system, posttraumatic syrinx (s. traumatic syringomyelia), tongs (Gardner-Wells tongs, Crutchfield tongs), halo fixation. Anterior Neck
Injury: TrS21
>> incl. carotid trauma, laryngotracheal trauma, esophageal trauma, pharyngeal trauma, strangulation (hanging). Vas. Vascular disorders Chapter contents have been reviewed by: Antanas Gvazdaitis, MD, PhD, President of Lithuanian Neurosurgical Society; Assoc. Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery at Klaipeda University Hospital (Lithuania) Cerebral vascular disorders >> Cerebral vascular disorders stroke definitions
(s. cerebrovascular accident, brain apoplexy, brain attack): Vas1 >> incl. stroke in pregnancy. transient ischemic attack (TIA): Vas1 >> Vas3 >> Vas7
>> reversible ischemic neurologic deficit (RIND): Vas1 >> Ischemic Stroke: etiology, pathophysiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, special forms: Vas3 >> incl. ischemic penumbra, pseudolaminar necrosis, reperfusion, cerebral autolysis, embolic stroke, fat embolism, air embolism, thrombotic stroke, lacunar stroke, état lacunaire (état criblé), miliary (Charcot-Bouchard) aneurysms, watershed (border zone) infarcts, completed stroke, stroke in evolution (s. progressive stroke, unstable stroke), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), brachial syndrome, frontal opercular syndrome, Anton syndrome, pure hemiparesis, pure hemisensory stroke, sensorimotor stroke, ataxic hemiparesis, clumsy hand – dysarthria, dense MCA sign, stroke in pediatric / young patients, Dyke-Davidoff syndrome, crossed cerebellar diaschisis. management, prevention, rehabilitation of ischemic stroke: Vas5
>> incl. thrombolysis, mechanical thrombolysis / thrombectomy (mechanical embolus removal in cerebral ischemia (MERCI) system, AngioJet system, Latis laser device, endovascular photo acoustic recanalization (EPAR) laser, EKOS ultrasound thrombolytic infusion catheter), reperfusion injury, antiaggregants, anticoagulants, neuroprotective agents (dextromethorphan, selfotel, aptiganel, agent GV150526, magnesium, nalmefene, lubeluzole, clomethiazole, tirilazad, albumin, NXY-059, enlimomab, Hu23F2G, abciximab, citicoline, Fiblast). carotid atherosclerotic stenosis: Vas7
>> incl. amaurosis fugax (transient monocular blindness), carotid endarterectomy, carotid angioplasty & stenting, extracranial-intracranial bypass, superficial temporal to middle cerebral artery anastomosis (STA-MCA), luxury perfusion syndrome. vertebrobasilar ischemia: Vas9 >> incl. surgical vertebral artery reconstruction, subclavian steal, cerebroselective Ca antagonists (cinnarizine, flunarizine). Vascular
Dissection (carotid, vertebral): Vas11 >> carotid trauma (blunt, penetrating): TrS21
>> Cerebral Venous
Thrombosis: Vas13
>> incl. suppurative intracranial thrombophlebitis, venous sinus thrombosis, empty δ sign, dense triangle sign, cord sign, thrombectomy. Intracerebral
Hemorrhage (ICH): Vas20 >>
incl. intraventricular hemorrhage, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hematoma drainage. traumatic ICH: TrH1
>> Aneurysms, Subarachnoid
Hemorrhage (SAH): Vas25 >> incl. false aneurysms (pseudoaneurysms), saccular (“berry”) aneurysms, fusiform (dolichoectatic) aneurysms, mycotic (infectious) aneurysms, dissecting aneurysms, infundibuli, vascular loops, Hunt & Hess scale, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) Scale, Fisher grade, vasospasm, rebleeding, nimodipine, clazosentan, HHH therapy, surgical clipping, wrapping, trapping, Hunterian principle (proximal ligation of parent artery), aneurysm excision, endovascular coiling (Guglielmi detachable coil). surgical aneurysm treatment (technique): Vas27 >> traumatic aneurysms, traumatic
SAH: TrH1
>> Intracranial
Vascular Malformations: Vas30
>> incl. arteriovenous malformations (AVM), Wyburn-Mason syndrome (s. Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome), superselective Wada testing, Spetzler-Martin grading system, cavernous angioma (s. cavernous hemangioma, cavernoma), capillary telangiectasia, developmental venous anomaly (s. venous angioma), dural arteriovenous malformation, vein of Galen malformation (ectasia / aneurysm), sinus pericranii. Cerebral Vasculopathies:
Vas35 >> incl. fibromuscular dysplasia, moyamoya disease (basal occlusive disease with telangiectasia), encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), cerebral vasculitis, granulomatous angiitis of nervous system (GANS, primary angiitis of CNS, intracranial granulomatous arteritis, noninfectious granulomatous angiitis with predilection for CNS). hypertensive encephalopathy: 1349a >> Spinal vascular disorders Spinal Ischemic
Stroke: Vas40 >>
Spinal
Hemorrhages: Vas42
>> incl. hematomyelia (spinal cord hematoma), spinal SAH, spinal epidural hemorrhage, spinal subdural hemorrhage. Spinal Vascular
Malformations: Vas42
>> incl. spinal dural AV fistula (s. radiculomeningeal fistula), Foix-Alajouanine syndrome (s. subacute necrotizing myelitis, angiodysgenetic necrotizing myelopathy), telangiectasias, cavernous malformations, spinal AVMs, Cobb syndrome (s. cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis). Veg. Vegetative (Autonomic NS) disorders general
(classification, etiologies, clinical features, instrumental diagnosis): Veg1
>> incl. gustatory sweating and flushing, Pourfour du Petit syndrome, harlequin syndrome, paroxysmal autonomic hyperactivity, congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis. autonomic dysreflexia (s. paroxysmal
autonomic hyperreflexia): Spin1
>> Disorders: Veg3
>> incl. pure autonomic failure (PAF, s. chronic postganglionic autonomic insufficiency), Bradbury-Eggleston syndrome, dopamine-β-hydroxylase deficiency, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS), idiopathic orthostatic hypotension, hypothalamic syndromes. Direct
Links to Pages A. Neuroscience Basics (anatomy, histology, physiology, development)
CN. Cranial Neuropathies
D. Diagnostics
Dem. Demyelinating Disorders
Dev. Developmental Disorders
E. Epilepsy & Seizures
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